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# Principles of Operation
To understand Cacti's principal of operation, you have to start
at the top and work down. Cacti's operational model is
at the top and work down. Cacti's operational model is
divided into multiple layers. They include
- Devices
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ divided into multiple layers. They include
## Devices
Cacti **Devices** are either physical hosts, sensors, clusters,
services, or any type of object with a name and that can
Cacti **Devices** are either physical hosts, sensors, clusters,
services, or any type of object with a name and that can
provide information about it self that should go into a
**Graph** or could be used to provide additional information
useful for Operations.
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ useful for Operations.
The Cacti **Device** object serves as the center Cacti's world
it's where stores information on how gather data about it. You
can have from one to tens of thousands of **Devices** monitored
from one Cacti system. It's very scalable. They can be
from one Cacti system. It's very scalable. They can be
discovered using Cacti's Automation sub-system, added manually,
or gathered from a CMDB and added to Cacti using it's command
line interface.
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ can be migrated live which does not interrupt data collection.
## Data Retrieval
The Data Collectors first and foremost task it to retrieve data and
forward it to the main Cacti server for storage. Cacti will do so
forward it to the main Cacti server for storage. Cacti will do so
using its poller which is a part of the Data Collector. The Poller
is executed from the operating system's scheduler or from systemd
depending on the OS and the version of the OS. It collects data
@@ -66,9 +66,9 @@ the device to the Cacti database.
In enterprise installations, you're dealing with potentially
thousands of devices of different type, e.g. Servers, Network
Equipment, Appliances, Sensors, PDU's, Static Transfer Switches
and the like. To retrieve data from remote targets/hosts, Cacti
and the like. To retrieve data from remote targets/hosts, Cacti
will mainly use the Simple Network Management Protocol SNMP.
Thus, all devices capable of using SNMP will be eligible to be
Thus, all devices capable of using SNMP will be eligible to be
monitored by Cacti. But that's just the simplest case.
Many customers gather data using out of band processes like
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ However, most customers will use SNMP, or SSH to gather
metrics from their Devices. I mean, how many companies
have 50 thousand devices that they monitor with regularity?
Once the data has been gathered, Cacti then uses either an
Once the data has been gathered, Cacti then uses either an
out-of-band or in-band process to store the data into Round
Robin Archive files, which represent a flat very well performing
Time Series Databases called RRDfiles. See below for details
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ There are only so many ways to make a hammer, and RRDtool's a great
hammer. Other approaches in the industry use SQL database,
others flat files or document stores like Elastic Search, Splunk,
Mongo DB, InfluxDB. There are a number of options out there.
You can get more information about RRDfile from the
You can get more information about RRDfile from the
[RRDtool Website](http://www.RRDtool.org/).
`RRD` is an acronym for **Round Robin Database**. RRD is a system to store and
@@ -111,8 +111,8 @@ expand over time, and it can create beautiful graphs. Data that ages
beyond a certain point is consolidated and very old data just rolls off
the end of the RRDfile. It ages out. This keeps storage requirements at bay.
As mentioned, performs consolidation to combine raw data (a `primary data point`
in RRDtool lingo) to consolidated data (a `consolidated data point`).
As mentioned, performs consolidation to combine raw data (a `primary data point`
in RRDtool lingo) to consolidated data (a `consolidated data point`).
This way, historical data is compressed to save space. RRDtool knows
different consolidation functions: AVERAGE, MAXIMUM, MINIMUM and LAST.
@@ -126,17 +126,17 @@ merely any browser on any platform.
The Graphing engine is quite flexible. It is possible, to graph one or
many items in one graph. Auto-scaling is supported and logarithmic y-axis,
left and right axes, and much much more. You may stack items onto another
and print pretty legends denoting characteristics such as minimum,
and print pretty legends denoting characteristics such as minimum,
average, maximum and lots more.
## Extending Built-in capabilities
As mentioned, scripts and Queries extend Cacti's capabilities beyond
just SNMP. They allow for data retrieval using custom-made code.
This is not even restricted to certain programming languages;
you will find PHP, Perl, Python, shell/batch
and more. These scripts and queries are executed locally by Cacti's Poller. But they may
retrieve data from remote hosts by different protocols, e.g.
This is not even restricted to certain programming languages;
you will find PHP, Perl, Python, shell/batch
and more. These scripts and queries are executed locally by Cacti's Poller.
But they may retrieve data from remote hosts by different protocols, e.g.
Protocol | Description
--- | ---